Research Notes by Michael P. Garofalo,
M.S.
Bibliography Calendar of the Year Lararium (Home Altar) Links Quotations
Introduction Latin Language Recent Readings Personal Notes Home
"The religion of one age is the
literary entertainment of the next."
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
I am not a Druid, Taoist, Buddhist, Tantric or Neo-Pagan believer or worshipper. I, Mike Garofalo, investigate these subjects out of literary, philosophical, historical, aesthetic, moral, and sociological curiosity. I am a student of comparative religions. I don't believe in supernatural beings and don't belong to any religious organization. I find the topics listed below interesting from a metaphorical, figurative, literary, imaginative, and aesthetic viewpoint.
October 4, 2010
Roman Hearth: Ancient Roman-Greek Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Home
and Local Community
This webpage might be useful to persons who are studying the religious beliefs and practices of persons living in ancient Rome, Neopagans attempting to revive some of the spiritual and religious practices of individuals and families in ancient Rome, dedicated enthusiasts of the Roman Way and the Hellenistic Greco-Roman Way, ADF members who find the Roman Hearth to resonate with their spiritual quest, and persons interested in comparative religions and customs.
This webpage was started in March of 2010, so readers may need to return a number of times while research and development of this webpage proceeds in 2010 and thereafter. Since I have many interests and projects underway, progress is usually slow. This webpage is just a personal online research notebook and web portal for my own use, but other persons interested in the same topic might find it useful in some way.
Books in my home research library are indicated by the code "VSCL". The code VSCL stands for "Valley Spirit Center Library" in Red Bluff, California.
Return to Main Index for this Webpage
Roman Hearth: Ancient Roman-Greek Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Home
and Local Community
Books - Bibliography
Adkins, Lesley and Adkins, Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome.
New York, Oxford University Press, 1994. Index, bibliography, 404 pages.
ISBN: 9780195123326.
Order. VSCL.
Betz, Hans Dieter. The Greek Magical Papyri in
Translation. Including the Demotic Spells. Volume 1: Texts.
With an updated Bibliography. Second Edition, 1992. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1992. Notes, appendices, 353 pages.
ISBN: 0226044475.
Order.
VSCL.
Burkett, Walter. Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,
Reprint Edition, 2006. 512 pages. ISBN: 0674362810. Originally
written in German and published in 1977; translated by John Raffan in 1985.
VSCL.
A scholarly review of Green Religion (1200 - 300 BCE). No illustrations.
Order.
VSCL.
Crapsey, Algernon Sidney. The Ways of the
Gods. New York: The International Press, 1920.
Flowers, Stephen Edred. Hermetic Magic: The Postmodern
Magical Papyrus of Abaris. Edited and introduced by Stephen Edred
Flowers, Ph.D. Boston, Weiser Books, 1995. Appendices, bibliography,
index, 291 pages. ISBN: 0877288283.
Order.
VSCL.
Luck, Georg. Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the
Greek and Roman Worlds; A Collection of Ancient Texts. Translated,
annotated, and Introduced by Georg Luck. Baltimore, Maryland, Johns
Hopkins University Press, Second Edition, 1985, 2006. Index, bibliography,
glossary, appendices, notes, 544 pages. ISBN: 0801883466.
Order.
VSCL.
Mikalson,
John D. Religion in Hellenistic Athens. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998.
Index, bibliography, appendices, 364 pages. ISBN: 0520210239. CSUC
Library BL 793 A76. The Hellenistic Period begins with the death of
Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, and ends with the Roman Emperor Octavian's
victory at Actium in 31 BCE.
Scheid, John. An Introduction to Roman
Religion. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Bloomington, Indiana
University Press, 2003. Chronology, glossary, bibliography, index, 232
pages. ISBN: 0253216605.
Order.
ADF Recommended. VSCL.
Serith, Ceisiwr. Deep
Ancestors: Practicing the Religion of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Tuscon, Arizona, ADF Publishing, 2009. 298 pages.
ISBN: 0976568136.
Order.
VSCL.
Turcan, Robert. The Gods of Ancient
Rome: Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times.
Translated by Antonia Nevill. New York, Routledge, Taylor and Francis
Group, 2001. ISBN: 0415929733.
Order.
ADF Recommended. VSCL.
Warrior, Valerie M. Roman Religion: A Sourcebook.
Newburyport, MA, Focus Pub., 2002. Index, bibliography, maps, 215 pages.
ISBN: 1585100307.
Order.
VSCL.
Wheelock, Frederic M. Wheelock's Latin. 6th
Edition Revised. Revised by Richard A. LaFleur. The Classic
Introductory Latin Course, Based on Ancient Authors. New York, Harper
Collins, 2005. Dictionary, index, 511 pages. ISBN: 0060784237.
Order. VSCL.
Internet WWW Websites
Basic Principles of Roman Religion. By Jenni Hunt.
ADF Publications, Roman Rituals.
Calendar of Roman Religious Festivals,
Celebrations, Holidays, Holy Days
Collegium Religionum, Societas Via Romana
Cult of Demeter and Kore in Sicily
Cultus deorum Romanorum, Nova Roma
"Cultus
Deorum Romanorum" A blog by M. Lucretius Agricola. Subtitle:
"The revival, reconstruction and practice of the traditional religion of the
ancient Romans, a living paganism."
Declaration
of Roman Religion, Nova Roma
Laοcitι, Secular
Society, Separation of Church and State
The Lares and the Penates De Lares et
di Pinates, by Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus
Nature Spirits (e.g., Lars, Penates, Nymphs)
Neopaganism in German Speaking Europe
Nova Roma Created in
1998 by Joselph Bloch and William Bradford.
Rites
and Rituals of the Ancient Romans, Nova Roma
Roman
Religion, Reconstructionism, Nova Roma
A Roman
Ritual Template. By Jenni Hunt. ADF
Publication, Roman Rituals.
Seasonal
Festivals of the Greeks and Romans
Simple Daily Home Rites and Prayers, Religio Romano. By
Jenni Hunt. ADF Publication, Roman Rituals.
Societas Via Romana - The Society of the Roman Way
Return to Main Index for this Webpage
Latin Language
Advice for Learning Vocabulary
Beginner's Latin Resources National Archives, UK.
Bibliotecha Augustana Classical and Medieval Latin texts in
beautiful format for reading and printing.
Carmenta Online Latin
School. Andrew Kuhry-Haeuser teaches high-quality online Latin
classes using live audio and video.
Cassell's Latin Dictionary: Latin-English and English-Latin. By D. P. Simpson. New York, Wiley Publishing Inc., 1968. 883 pages. ISBN: 9780025225800. Order. VSCL.
Collins Latin Dictionary. Latin to
English and English to Latin, 160,000 entries. Grammar and verb tables.
Index, 255 pages. Glasgow, England, 1997. ISBN: 006053690X.
Order.
VSCL.
Greek-English and English-Greek Dictionary.
Greek words are given in both Greek script and Roman script. Kypros-Net.
Latin Language Computer
Software: Transparent
Latin Dictionary
and Grammar Aid. University of Notre Dame.
Latin Dictionary Online TranslationLexilogos
Latin Grammer. By James Morwood. Oxford
University Press, 1999. ISBN: 9780198602774.
Order
VSCL.
Scribblers, Sculptors, and Scribes: A
Companion to Wheelock's Latin and Other Introductory Textbooks. By Richard
A. LaFleur. New York, Harper Collins, 2010. Numerous tables and
dictionary. 307 pages. ISBN: 0061259187.
Latin: Transparent Language System,
Byki Delux, Transparent Language Premium Edition. Language Learning
Software. Includes 15,000 words - kind of like a computerized flash card
system with pronunciation of each work, as well as many other features.
Wheelock, Frederic M. Wheelock's Latin. 6th
Edition Revised. Revised by Richard A. LaFleur. The Classic
Introductory Latin Course, Based on Ancient Authors. New York, Harper
Collins, 2005. Dictionary, index, 511 pages. ISBN: 0060784237.
Order. VSCL.
Wheelock's Latin Learning
Website Official website.
Workbook for Wheelock's Latin. By Paul T. Comeau and
Richard A. LaFluer. 3rd Edition, Revised. New York, Harper Collins,
2000. ISBN: 00060956429.
Order.
VSCL.
Return to Main Index for this Webpage
Lararium (Home Altar)
"The Lararium (pl. lararia) altar is the sacred place of the home where offerings and prayers are made to the Gods. In more affluent Roman homes, such as private villas, the main Lararium altar was usually set in the Atrium (front reception room, near the front door). In smaller Roman homes which might not have an atrium, such as insula apartments, the Lararium was most often located near the hearth (the kitchen or place of a central fire). But a house could have several minor Lararia as well, indoors (specially in the bedrooms) or outdoors. The forms of Lararium varied greatly. Rich homes might have a huge affair of carved marble which looked rather like a temple in miniature. In other homes the Lararium might only be a simple wooden cabinet or wall shelf. Big or small, the important thing about a Lararium is that it should be permanent rather than something to be put away when the rites are not being held. A lararium, properly speaking, is a shrine for the Lares. During the Republic there does not seem to have been any statues used to represent the Lares, since they were considered more as ancestors. The death masks of ancestors were stored in boxes, hung on a wall near the entrance of the house, and it might possibly be that lararium meant something like a foyer where these were kept. Today it would be comparable to having photographs of your ancestors at your lararium. Beginning in the fourth century BCE certain patrician families assumed divine heritages and thus may have begun to include images of a Lar familiaris such as Venus, but these would still have been regarded there as an ancestor." Lararium, Nova Roma
English to Latin Dictionary of Spiritual
and Religious Terms This brief dictionary might
be useful to Neo-Pagans reviving private Roman home hearth ceremonial, piety and
spiritual practices. Ritual tools for a home altar (Lararium) and
spiritual practices are included. Published in a print only PDF format.
By Michael P. Garofalo.
Simple Daily Home Rites and Prayers, Religio Romano. By
Jenni Hunt. ADF Publication, Roman Rituals
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Calendar of the Year
Roman Hearth: Ancient Roman-Greek Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Home
and Local Community
The dates given below are general dates, and, depending on the yearly calendar one is using, could be off by a few days.
"The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years. Hence the Julian year is on average 365.25 days long. The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries adopting it over the following centuries. The Gregorian calendar reform contained two parts, a reform of the Julian calendar as used up to Pope Gregory's time, together with a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church along with the Julian calendar for calculating dates of Easter. The reform was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio). Lilius' proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common instead of leap years: this part of the proposal had been suggested before by, among others, Pietro Pitati. Lilio also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon for completing the calculation of Easter dates, solving a longstanding difficulty that had faced proposers of calendar reform. Gregory's bull does not ordain any particular year-numbering system, but uses the Anno Domini system which counts years from the traditional Incarnation of Jesus, and which had spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. That is the same year-numbering system that is the de facto international standard today. The Anno Domini (Latin for "in the year of the/our Lord") system of numbering years, in which the leap year rules are written, and which is generally used together with the Gregorian calendar, is also known in English as the Common Era or Christian Era. Years before the beginning of the era are known in English as Before Christ, Before the Common Era, or Before the Christian Era. The corresponding abbreviations AD, CE, BC, and BCE are used. There is no year 0; AD 1 immediately follows 1 BC." - Wikipedia
Roman Festivals and Sacred Days
Roman Religious Calendar, Collegium Religionum, Societas Via Romana
Annual Calendar of Festivals, Holidays, and Celebrations in the Ancient Roman Year
January, Januarius, Ianuarius
Januarius Calendar, Societas Via Roma By
M. Moravius Horatius Piscinus.
January: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
January: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
January: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
January: Janus (Roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings).
January 1 Kalends Ianuarius The New Year's Day in the Julian Calendar was sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Janus. Festival for Aesculapius. Sacrifice day for Fortuna. Festival for Vedovus.
January 2 Compitalia
January 8 NONES
January 8 Sacred day for Justicia
January 9 The first Agonalia, in honor of the god Janus, after whom the month January is named and to whom the Romans prayed for advice. Agonalia
January 11 and January 15 Carmentalia Festival of Carmentalia begins. Juturnalia.
January 15 IDES. Festival of Carmentalia ends. Feast of the Ass.
January 16 Concordia honored
January 17 Felicitas honored. Festival of Janus
January 24 to January 26 Sementivae (in the country called Paganalia)
January 25 Feriae Sementivae
January 30 Festival of Peace
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
February, Februarius
Febuarius Calendar, Societas Via Roma By
M. Moravius Horatius Piscinus.
February: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
February: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
February: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
February: Februus (Etruscan god of death) Februarius (mensis) (Latin for "month of purification (rituals)" it is said to be a Sabine word, the last month of ancient pre-450 BC Roman calendar). It is related to fever.
February 13 to 22 Parentalia, in honour of the ancestors
February 13 to February 15 Lupercalia, in honour of Faunus
February 17 Quirinalia, in honour of Quirinus
February 21 Feralia
February 23 Terminalia, in honour of Terminus
February 27 First Equirria
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
March, Martius
Martius
Calendar, Societas Via Roma
By M. Moravius Horatius Piscinus.
March: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
March: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
March: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
March: Mars (Roman god of war).
March 1 Roman New Year. Matronalia in honour of Juno. Feriae Marti in honour of Mars. The sacred fire of Rome was renewed (See Vesta)
March 14 Second Equirria
March 15 and 16 Bacchanalia, in honour of Bacchus
March 17 Agonalia in honour of Mars
March 19 to 23 Quinquatria, in honour of Minerva
March 23 Tubilustrium, in honor of Mars
March 30 Festival of Salus
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
April, Aprilis
Aprilis Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: April to June. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
April: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
April: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
April: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
April: Modern scholars associate the name with an ancient root meaning 'other', i.e the second month of a year beginning in March.
April 1 Veneralia, in honour of Venus
April 4 to 10 Ludi Megalenses/Megalesia, in honor of Cybele (since 191 BC, brought to Rome in 203 BC)
April 12 to 19 Ludi Cereales, games in honour of Cerealia (since 202 BC)
April 15 Fordicidia, in honour of Tellus
April 21 Parilia, in honour of Pales
April 23 Vinalia urbana, in honour of Venus and the previous year's wine harvest
April 25 Robigalia, in honour of Robigus, with foot races
April 28 to May 1 Ludi Florales (Floralia), games in honour of Flora
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
May, Maius
Maius
Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: April to June. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
May: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
May: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
May: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
May: Maia Maiestas (Roman goddess).
May 1 Festival of the Bona Dea and Vinalia, the 2nd Venus and last year's wine harvest festival.
May 9 Lemuria (lemures)
May 15 Mercuralia, in honour of Mercury
May 21 Vejovis, one of the four Agonalia
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
June, Junonius, Iunius
Junonius Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: April to June. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
June: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
June: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
June: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
June: Juno (Roman goddess, wife of Jupiter).
June 3 Festival in honour of Bellona
June 7 to 15 Vestalia, in honour of Vesta
June 13 Quinquatrus minusculae, in honour of Minerva
June 20 Festival in honour of Summanus
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
July, Julius, Lulius
Julius Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: July to September. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
July: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
July: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
July: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
July: Julius Caesar (Roman dictator). The month was formerly named Quintilis, the fifth month of the calendar of Romulus.
July 5 Poplifugia, festival in honour of Jupiter
July 6 to 13 Ludi Apollinares, games in honour of Apollo (since 208 BC)
July 7 Nonae Caprotinae Juno; also the sacerdotes publici sacrificed to Consus
July 9 Caprotinia
July 18 Day of bad omens: defeat in Allia (390 BC) that led to the sack of Rome by the Gauls
July 19 Lucaria
July 23 Neptunalia held in honour of Neptune
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
August, Augustus
Augustus
Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: July to September. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
August: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
August: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
August: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
August: Augustus (First Roman emperor). The month was formerly named Sextilis, the sixth month of Romulus.
August 10 Opalia in honour of Ops
August 13 Vertumnalia in honour of Vertumnus
August 13 Nemoralia, the festival of Torches, in honor of Diana
August 17 Portunalia in honour of Portunes
August 19 Vinalia Rustica in honour of Venus, commemorating the founding of the oldest known temple to her, on the Esquiline Hill, in 293 BC
August 21 Consualia, games and races in honour of Consus
August 23 Vulcanalia in honour of Vulcan
August 24 One of 3 days on which the mundus was opened
August 25 Opiconsivia in honour of Ops
August 27 Volturnalia in honour of Volturnus
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
September, September
September Calendar, Societas Via Roma By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: July to September. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
September: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
September: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books, Gardening Chores
September: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
September: septem (Latin for seven, the seventh month of Romulus).
September Septimontium.
September 4 to 19 Ludi Romani, games for the people of Rome to the honour of Jupiter, organized by the curule aedile (since 366 BC)
September 26 Festival of Venus Genetrix ("Mother Venus") in her role as the ancestress of the Roman people.
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
October, October
October Calendar, Societas Via Roma
By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
Major Holidays of Rome: October. By Jenni Hunt. ADF Publications, Roman Rituals
October: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
October: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
October: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
October: octo (Latin for eight, the eighth month of Romulus).
October 4 Ieiunium Cereris: Fast of Ceres, instituted in 191 BC; at that time that date fell in late spring
October 5 One of 3 days on which the mundus is opened
October 6 Day of bad omens: anniversary of the battle of Arausio (105 BC)
October 11 Meditrinalia in honour of Meditrina
October 13 Fontinalia, dedicated to Fontus [2]
October 15 Equirria, the "equus October" sacrificed to Mars in the Campus Martius
October 19 Armilustrium in honour of Mars
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
November, November
November Calendar, Societas Via Roma
By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
November: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
November: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
November: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
November: novem (Latin for nine, the ninth month of Romulus).
November 4 to 17 Ludi Plebeii, games for the people of Rome organized by the curule aedile (since 216 BC)
November 13 Epulum Jovis
November 15 Festival in honour of Feronia
November 24 Brumalia
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
December, December
December Calendar, Societas Via Roma
By M. Moravius Horatius
Piscinus.
December: Poems, Quotations, Sayings, Holidays, Legends, Lore, Links, Books
December: Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. By Lesley Adkins, 1994. pp. 249-287.
December: An Old Druid's Personal Almanac
December: decem (Latin for ten, the tenth month of Romulus).
December 4 Bona Dea rites, exclusive to women
December 5 Faunalia in honour of Faunus
December 11 Agonalia for Sol Indiges ; Septimontium
December 15 Consualia in honour of Consus
December 17 Saturnalia in honour of Saturn
December 18 Eponalia in honour of Epona
December 19 Opalia in honour of Ops
December 21 Winter Solstice (Neo-Pagan)
December 21 Divalia in honour of Angerona
December 23 Arentalia in honour of Larenta
December 25 Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, festival of Sol, the invincible sun god. Bruma (winter solstice).
Return to the Annual Calendar Table
Return to Main Index for this Webpage
Roman Hearth: Ancient Roman-Greek Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Home
and Local Community
"The Penates were not only Keepers of the
[hearth] Fire, they were also the Guardians of the Store [home larder, food
storage area, grain storage]. It was their duty to inspire the cook with skill
to make delicate dishes for the family able, to watch the meat before the fire,
and to scare the rats from the cupboard. In the archaic world, the gods were
more useful than ornamental. The men and women of that world would scornfully
laugh at our gods and think of them with pity gods shut up in churches, having
nothing to do but to listen to the droning of prayers and the confessions of
sins; gods who pass their dreary existence away from the warmth of the hearth,
the smell of the cooking, the chatter of the maids, and the stir of the family
life! A god upon a great white throne, with cherubim and seraphim bowing before
him, may have power and dignity, but for comfort and good-fellowship one must go
to the god who sits by the fire, inhales the odor of spice, and the flavor of
the bread and the cake and the meat that are cooking in the kitchen. Such a god
can understand the tribulations of the cook and the annoyances of the mistress;
he knows by experience that fire burns and ginger is hot in the mouth. All other
religion is cold and formal beside this intimate religion of the hearth."
- Crapsey, Algernon Sidney.
The Ways of the Gods. New York: The International Press, 1920.
"About 750 BC, the
Greeks began to
colonize Sicily, establishing many important settlements. The most important
colony was
Syracuse; other significant ones were
Akragas, Gela,
Himera,
Selinunte,
and
Zancle. The native Sicani and Sicel peoples were absorbed by the
Hellenic culture with relative ease, and the area was part of
Magna
Graecia along with the rest of
Southern Italy, which the Greeks had also colonized. Sicily was very
fertile, and the introduction of
olives and
grape vines flourished, creating a great deal of profitable trading;
a significant part of Greek culture on the island was that of
Greek religion and many temples were built across Sicily, such as the
Valley of the Temples at
Agrigento."
-
Wikipedia
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Recent Readings and
Studies in Classical Latin and Green Philosophy
Starting in January of 2010
Epictetus, 50-139 CE. Encheiridion: The Manual for Living. Translated by George Long. Introduction by Odysseus Makridis. New York, Barnes and Noble, 2005. Library of Essential Reading Series. ISBN: 0780770204. Order VSCL.
Epicurus. The Essential Epicurus: Letters, Principal
Doctrines, Vatican Sayings and Fragments. Translated with an introduction
by Eugene O'Connor. Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 1993. 101
pages. ISBN: 0879758104.
Order VSCL
Lucretius. The Way Things Are: The De Rerum Naturum of
Titus Lucretius Carus. Translated by Rolfe Humphries.
Introduction by Burton Feldman and Notes by George K. Strodach. The verse
translation. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1968. ISBN:
9780253201256.
Order
VSCL.
Personal Notes
Roman Hearth: Ancient Roman-Greek Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Home
and Local Community
Why I did I choose to study and follow some of the home religious practices of my
Roman-Greek ancestors?
By Mike Garofalo
Members of
Aŕ nDraνocht Fιin, ADF,
Our Own Druidism who have
chosen to pursue the entry level
Dedicant's Path of
Druidic studies and practices are required to do some general reading in ancient
Indo-European religions and culture, and in modern Neopaganism. Then,
Dedicants are required to study one ancient Indo-European religion in more
detail. I have chosen to study the home and local religious practices and
religious beliefs of the ancient Romans.
I have lived in California my whole life. My ancestors were Europeans. My father's parents immigrated from Sicily to Los Angeles in 1905, and my father lived his whole life in Los Angeles. My surname "Garofalo" is a word in modern Greek γαρίφαλο garifalo that means carnation; and, in the Italian language, garofano means carnation. My grandmother, Lena Garofalo, who spoke mostly Italian, told me the name Garofalo meant a carnation, boutonniθre, or a small flower for the lapel. She told me that she came from a rural area in Sicily, southeast of Palermo, named "Greco."
Sicily, like California, has a "Mediterranean Climate." Like the great rural Central Valley of California, where I live, Sicily, Southern Italy, and Greece have about 26 inches of annual rainfall, mostly falling from November through April. Summers are dry and warm to hot, and the winters are wet, and cooler. Persons living near the seas have always enjoyed coastal weather with fishing and seaports, like we have in California and Oregon. All of these areas grow grapes, olives, grains, citrus, vegetables, and a variety of fruit and nut trees; along with supporting livestock ranching, dairy, and poultry. Wheat and barley grains grew particularly well in Sicily in ancient times, and winter wheat is a common crop where I live.
On my mother's side of the family, my German ancestors were peace loving farmers who immigrated to Pennsylvania in the 1850's. By 1900, they were very successful farmers in Ohio, where my mother was born. I have read German philosophers, novelists, poets, and follow some German-Teutonic "Heathen" spiritual practices.
As an undergraduate in the 1960's at California State University at Los Angeles, I studied philosophy (B.A.) and comparative religions, and minored in business administration, and took 10 classes towards a Master's degree in Philosophy. Naturally, majoring in philosophy, introduced me to many Greek, Roman, German and English philosophers and scholars. I also graduated from the University of Southern California with a Master's degree in Library and Information Science (M.S.L.S.), and have worked for 32 years in public libraries and 10 years in school libraries. My education and career path have given me many opportunities to continue my studies in philosophy and comparative religions during my lifetime.
I studied Latin at Cantwell Catholic High School, and have recently renewed my studies in this classical language. I use some Latin in rites, ceremonies, and magickal practices.
I was educated in Roman Catholic Schools from the 1st to the 12th grade. However, as an adult, I've never been very interested in Judeo-Christian or Islamic monotheism, myths, outlooks, or their organized religions. I have considerable knowledge of the Judeo-Christian traditions, and get along with good folks of many religions. I am, myself, am a Neopagan at heart. Fortunately, for now, in America, people of different religious outlooks and beliefs live at peace with each other, and we generally tend to support religious liberty, a non-theocratic government, and civil rights to protect individuals. Unlike the ancient Romans, I strongly support a secular civil society with a clear separation of church and state - what the French call Laοcitι.
I've always found philosophers, Eastern scholars, Zen Buddhists, Taoists, hearth religions, comparative religions, mystics, Druids, Yogis, Tai Chi Masters, Neopagans, Gardeners, Germanic lore, Heathens, polytheism, Tantra, tarot, Discordians, esoteric traditions, and Wizards very interesting to me; and, have followed this Eclectic Neopagan Path since I was 17 years old. I have been a practicing Neopagan for ten years, and am now on the ADF Dedicant's Path. I am also a member of the Bards, Ovates, and Druids.
I am a member of the ADF Feather River Grove in Chico, California.
I have enjoyed the delights of gardening for five decades, and this kind of closeness and cooperation with Mother Earth has benefited my mind and body, and led to many mystical experiences for me. Neopaganism seems to me the most compatible with this Nature mysticism and playing with the nature spirits and Elementals of the garden that I cherish.
My choice of studying and following a Neopagan Roman Hearth was, therefore, based upon living in the rural environment around my current home, my Italian-Greek-German ethnic heritage, my Roman Catholic education, my ADF and OBOD memberships, my personal spiritual preferences, my gardener's mysticism, and my studies in philosophy, Latin, Neopaganism, and comparative religions. These aspects of my life are all intertwined with some old Roman, Greek, and Germanic Pagan roots.
Homepage: One Druid's Journey
Best Wishes
Mike Garofalo
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