Logic

Logic, Reasoning, Thinking, Argumentation, Formal Reasoning
Critical Thinking, Rhetoric, Fallacies, Semantics, Analysis, Explanations, Interpretations, Translations
Logics: Propositional, Predicate, Categorical, Identity, Definitions, Modal, Temporal, Symbolic, Meta-Logic
Truth-Falsity, Consistency, Validity, Verification, Inferences, Proof, Justification, Heuristics
Deduction, Induction, Statistics, Mathematical, Predictions, Estimates, Decision Theory
Linguistics, Cognitive Sciences, Thought Processes, Cognitive Psychology
Inquiry, Investigations, Methodology, Experimentation, Hypothesis, Paradigm 

Research by Michael P. Garofalo, M.S. 
Green Way Research Hypertext Notebook 
Vancouver, Washington, 2021

Bibliography     Links     Resources     Quotations

I studied logic at California State University at Los Angeles from 1963 to 1967.  Our symbolic logic textbook standard was Logic: Techniques of Formal Reasoning.  I was paid to be a reader/grader of symbolic logic student papers for Professor Glathe.  I earned a Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy in 1967.  I took a few graduate level philosophy classes from 1975-1978.  I worked in libraries (City, County, University, Elementary Schools) from 1963-2017. 

Irving Copi (1917-2002) once wrote in his famous Introduction to Logic (1st Edition 1950 - 15th Edition 2020) that:
"This considered assurance we give our readers: A command of the fundamental principles of correct reasoning, which the study of this book promotes, will make a deeply satisfying, significant, and permanent contribution to one's intellectual life."  Based on my personal experience in the last 55 years, Professor Copi was correct. 

Now, at the age of 75, I am renewing my study of logic at home using the books cited below. 
I spend 60 to 90 minutes each day on logic and critical thinking studies: reading, assignment exercises, note taking, memorizing, applying.    
I am now (June-August 2021) using the following two logic textbooks to study the subject:
 

Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction.  By Alan Hausman, Frank Boardman, and Howard Kahane. 
Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing Company, 13th Edition, 2020, 464 pages. 
Index, bibliography, and detailed answers to exercises.  Paperback, decent binding, lighter, easy to hold, $35 New, VSCL!  
Seeds/Keys/Bullets:  Sentences, Statements, Arguments, Premises-Conclusion, Validity,
 

Thinking, Fast and Slow.  By Daniel Kahneman.  Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2011, 512 pages.  Kindle, $12.00, VSCL! 
Seeds/Keys/Bullets: Heuristics, intuitive sense of statistics, recent memories, bias, Nobel Prize winner, System 1 and System 2, Fast Thinking and Slow Thinking,

VSCL = means that I have purchased a copy for my home library: The Valley Spirit Center Library.  VSCL! = Looked at a copy on my shelves in 6/2021. 

Logic:  Quotations, Sayings, Advice, Lore, Principles

Bibliography, Links, Resources

Analytic Tableau:  Truth-Trees: Methods of Analytic/Semantic Tableau

Arguments: Deductive Logic Exercises.  By Howard Pospesel.  Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1971.  bibliography, 208 pages.  VSCL?. 

The Art of Thinking.  By Allen F. Harrison.  Strategies for Asking Question, Making Decisions, and Solving Problems.  By Allen F. Harrison and Robert M. Bramson.  New York, Berkley Books, 1982.  Index, bibliography, 208 pages.  VSCL.

Classics of Analytical Philosophy.  Edited by Robert R. Ammerman.  New York, McGraw Hill, 1965.  Index, 413 pages.  VSCL!

The Concept of Mind.  By Gilbert Ryle.  New York, Barnes and Noble Books, 1949.  Index, 334 pages.  ISBN: None.  VSCL. 

Concise Introduction to Logic.  By Patrick J. Hurley and Lori Watson.  Cengage Learning, 13th Edition, 2017, 736 pages.  10th Edition, 2007, 672 pages, VSCL!  

The Critical Thinking Tookit.  By Galen A. Foresman, Peter S. Fosi, and Jamie C. Watson.  Wiley-Blackwell, 2016, 384 pages.  VSCL! 

Deductive Reasoning

Elementary Applied Symbolic Logic.  By Bangs Tapscott.  Independent, 1976, 531 pages.  Kindle, $7.00, VSCL!

Heuristic   "A heuristic or heuristic technique is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.  Examples that employ heuristics include using trial and error, a rule of thumb or an educated guess."

How to Do Things with Words.  By J. L. Austin.  Edited by J. O. Urmson and Marina Sbisà.  Second Edition.  A series of lectures on speech acts by the famous Oxford philosopher from 1951-1955.  The William James Lectures were delivered in 1955.  Harvard University Press, c 1975.  192 pages.  J.L. Austin (1911-1960), VSCL. 

Introductory Statistics.  By Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean.  XanEdu Publishing, 2013, 913 pages. 

Introduction to Logic.  By Irving M. Copi and Carl Cohen.  Pearson Education, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, 2005, 683 pages.  Hardbound, used $22.00.   VSCL! 

Introduction to Symbolic Logic and Its Applications.  By Rudolf Carnap.  Translated by William H. Meyer and John Wilkinson.  New York, Dover Publications, 1958.  Index, 241 pages.  VSCL?.

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language.  By Michael Morris.  New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007.  Index, glossary, 326 pages.  VSCL?.   

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language.  By Steven Pinker.  New York, Harper Perennial, 1994, 2007.  Index, glossary, references, notes, appendices, 526 pages.  VSCL. 

Language in Thought and Action.  By S. I. Hayakawa (1906-1992) and Alan R. Hayakawa.  New York, Harcourt, Fifth Edition, 1990.  Originally published in 1939.  Index, bibliography 196 pages.  VSCL. 

Language, Truth and Logic.  By Alfred J. Ayer.  Dover Pub., Second Edition, 1936, 1952.  Index, 160 pages.  ISBN: 9780486200101.  Ayer was a logical positivist teaching at Cambridge.  VSCL?. 

Logic: An Introduction to Elementary Logic.  By Wilfrid Hodges.  Penguin, 2001, 304 pages.  Kindle, $10.00, VSCL!   

Logic: A Complete Introduction.  By Siu-Fan Lee.  Teach Yourself, 2017, 433 pages.  Kindle, $4.00, VSCL! 

Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction.  By Paul Tidman and Howard Kahane.  Thomson Wadsworth, Ninth Edition, 2003, 511 pages.  Index, bibliography, and detailed answers to exercises.  Purchased used for $18.00 from Powell's Portland.  This hardbound book is just the right size for me to hold in my hand and read.  VSCL!

Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction.  By Alan Hausman, Frank Boardman, and Howard Kahane.  Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing Company, 13th Edition, 2020, 464 pages.  Index, bibliography, and detailed answers to exercises.  Paperback, $35 New, VSCL!   

The Logic Book.  By Merrie Bergmann, James Moor, and Jack Nelson.  McGraw Hill, 2004, 1980, Index, 720+ pages.  No disk with answers.  VSCL. 

Logic for Dummies.  By Mark Zegarelli.  For Dummies, 2006.  Index, 388 pages.  VSCL. 

Socratic Logic: A Logic Text Using Socratic Method, Platonic Questions, and Aristotelian Principles.  By Peter Kreeft.  Third Edition, 3.1  By Peter Kreeft, and edited by Trent Dougherty.  South Bend, Indiana, St. Augustine's Press, 2004, 2010.  Index, 410 pages.  VSCL. 

Symbolic Logic.  By Irving Copi.   Macmillan, 2nd Edition, 1965, 395 pages.  Hardbound, used, $10.00, VSCL!  

A System of Logic:  Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation.    By John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).  First published in 1843.  Arkose Press, 2015, 584 pages.  Kindle, $4.00, VSCL! 

Tableau Truth-Trees: Methods of Analytic/Semantic Tableau

Thinking Critically.  By John Caffee.  Wadsworth Pub., 2011.  10th Edition.  Index, bibliography, 592 pages.  John Chaffee, Ph.D., is a professor of philosophy at The City University of New York, where he has developed a Philosophy and Critical Thinking program.  VSCL! 

Truth-Tables    

Truth-Trees

Truth-Trees: Methods of Analytic/Semantic Tableau

Truth-Trees Instructions

Understanding Symbolic Logic.  By Virginia Klenk.  Prentice Hall, 2002, Fourth Edition, 1983 First, -+447 pages.  Hardbound, 4th Edition, Used, $10.00, VSCL!  

A Workbook for Arguments: A Complete Course in Critical Thinking.  By David R. Morrow and Anthony Weston.  Hackett, Third Edition, 2019, 596 pages.  Kindle, $16.00, VSCL!  

Quotations, Sayings, Notes

Irving Copi once wrote in his Introduction to Logic (1st Edition 1950 - 15th Edition 2020) that "This considered assurance we give our readers: A command of the fundamental principles of correct reasoning, which the study of this book promotes, will make a deeply satisfying, significant, and permanent contribution to one's intellectual life."  Copi 2 

"Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.  Logic enables us to distinguish reliably between sound and faulty reasoning." Copi 2

"All thinking is based, in part, on prior convictions." 
-  Geroge A. Kelly  

"Truth is just the name for what it is impossible for a person to doubt."
-  Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Research by
Michael P. Garofalo

Green Way Research, Vancouver, Washington

This webpage was last edited, modified, changed, improved, or updated on June 24, 2021. 

This webpage was first distributed online on January 23, 2013.
 

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